Palio di Siena: History and Tradition of the Medieval Horse Race

André Freitas September, 2025

Discovering Italy goes far beyond enjoying delicious pasta, breathtaking landscapes, and historic architecture. While these are certainly iconic, the country also offers remarkable cultural celebrations, such as the Palio di Siena. Without a doubt, this is one of the most important events in Tuscany and, for that reason, it deserves a place in your next travel itinerary.

That’s why Cieli di Toscana has prepared a guide to help you enjoy this celebration to the fullest.

Why is it called the Palio di Siena?

In the Middle Ages, a horse race was held in Siena in honor of the Assumption of the Virgin, which was considered the “national holiday” of the Republic. The winner was awarded a precious cloth, known as the pallium. In other words, the name of this celebration comes from the prize given to the competitors. Today, among Tuscany’s many events, the Palio stands out as one of the most authentic and thrilling in all of Italy.

Organized by the Municipality of Siena, Italy’s most famous horse race takes place twice a year in the Piazza del Campo, which was first mentioned in documents dating back to 1169. This is the city’s main landmark, home to important monuments such as the Torre del Mangia, the Palazzo Pubblico, and the Fonte Gaia.

In addition, the square is shaped like a fan, sloping like a Greek amphitheater, and completely paved with red bricks. In other words, a true masterpiece of Sienese architecture, showcasing the city’s grandeur to anyone who visits.

How does the Palio di Siena work?

First, you need to understand what the Contrade are. Don’t worry, it’s simple. Contrade are small districts within the city walls, similar to neighborhoods. Today there are 17 Contrade, and their boundaries have remained unchanged since 1729.

Organizers hold two Palio races each year, one on July 2nd and the other on August 16th. In each race, 10 of the 17 Contrade compete, seven that did not participate in the July Palio of the previous year, plus three drawn by lot from the ten that did.

A lottery assigns each Contrada a horse from a carefully selected group deemed fit to raceđ. Make no mistake: the rivalry among these neighborhoods is fierce. Just like in football, each Contrada has its own emblem, colors, and motto, often represented by animals such as the eagle, owl, or goose. In short, the Palio is one of Tuscany’s must-see events.

The historical and religious importance of the Palio di Siena

Attending the Palio is like stepping back into the Middle Ages. One of its most important elements is the Corteo Storico, a grand historical parade that takes place before the race. More than 600 participants, representing the 17 Contrade and institutions of the ancient Republic of Siena, dress in medieval costumes. The parade includes drums, flags, and plenty of pageantry, culminating in the entrance of the participants into the Piazza del Campo.

More than just a horse race, the Palio has deep religious roots. The July 2nd race (Palio di Provenzano) honors Our Lady of Provenzano, while the August 16th race (Palio dell’Assunta) is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. Before each race, the horses and riders (fantini) are blessed in their local churches, a ritual that reflects the bond between faith and competition. The pre-race procession combines historical costumes with religious symbols, reinforcing the tradition’s cultural and spiritual depth.

How and where to watch the Palio di Siena?

First of all, keep in mind that this is one of the most sought-after events in Tuscany. You’ll need good planning to fully immerse yourself in the experience. We recommend staying at least four days, which allows you to enjoy all the festivities around the Palio: the horse selection, trial runs, and community dinners. That way, you can truly connect with the atmosphere and live like a Sienese during this unique moment.

Best viewing spots:

Piazza del Campo

By far the most authentic, and also the cheapest option, since it’s free. However, it requires planning and isn’t for everyone. The gates to the square close three hours before the race begins, so make sure to arrive early. Also, keep in mind that it’s very hot in Italy at this time of year. Light, comfortable clothing, sunscreen, and hats are essential. The city forbids children under 12 from entering the square for safety reasons.

Grandstands

A much more comfortable choice. The stands around the square provide seats with a clear view of the race. You’ll have privileged vantage points and greater comfort, but tickets must be booked well in advance. However, at present, there is no official website for ticket sales.

Windows and balconies

Another option is to rent windows or balconies from local residents overlooking the Piazza del Campo. These provide a higher, more private viewing experience, but at a much higher cost.

Exclusive stays: luxury and comfort during the Palio di Siena

To make your Palio experience truly unique, you can also choose to stay in luxury hotels that offer special experiences.

Rosewood Castiglion del Bosco

Located near Montalcino, this estate is an excellent option for those seeking luxury in Tuscany. During the Palio, the hotel offers the chance to stay in a historic palazzo right in the heart of the Piazza del Campo, along with a traditional dinner in one of the Contrade.

Borgo Santo Pietro

If you prefer a more relaxing setting and wish to save the excitement for race day, this is the perfect choice. A 5-star luxury hotel and spa, it features a “farm-to-table” restaurant philosophy and sits on a stunning 121-hectare property.

Grand Hotel Continental

For those who value location, the Grand Hotel Continental is the only 5-star hotel in Siena’s historic center, just steps from the Piazza del Campo and the Duomo. This magnificent 16th-century residence offers more than just convenience, it transports you to an aristocratic past, with terracotta floors, frescoed ceilings, and original chandeliers.

Extend your stay and discover the best of the region

Think four days in Italy isn’t enough? Beyond the Palio, Tuscany offers countless experiences: hot air balloon rides over Siena, wine tastings in Montalcino and Montepulciano, truffle hunting in San Giovanni d’Asso, thermal baths in Bagno Vignoni, and visits to medieval villages such as Pienza, San Gimignano, and Volterra. In short, there’s no shortage of options to complement your Palio experience.

Experience the Palio di Siena exclusively with Cieli di Toscana

Because this is such a unique attraction, knowing the details of how to plan your trip makes all the difference. That’s why you should contact Cieli di Toscana, our travel designers are experts in creating tailor-made itineraries for families, friends, couples, and solo travelers.

André Freitas is a copywriter and has traveled to 28 countries, always juggling to include Italy in the itinerary, which resulted in 19 cities and a list of tips.